Charlemagne The Undisputed Ruler of Western Europe

Charlemagne, too known as Charles the Great, became the undisputed ruler of Western Europe. As Western Europe was deteriorating Charlemagne was crowned the privilege of being joint fag of the Franks in 768 A.D. People of Western Europe, excluding the church followers, had all but forgotten the great gifts of cultivation and liberal frauds that they had possessed at one cadence. Charlemagne solidly defeated barbarians and kings in identical fashion during his reign. Using the re-establishment of education and order, Charlemagne was suitable to save m any political rights and restore culture in Western Europe.Charlemagne was born in 742 A.D., to a real famous and headspring-known family. Charlemagnes grandfather was Charles M machinationel, the man who was amenable for the defeat of the Saracens. Charlemagne was likewise the eldest son of Bertrade (also known as Bertha Greatfoot) and Pepin the Short, the first to become king of the Franks. With the almost full experimental e xtinction of schools in the 8th century, legion(predicate) historians say that Charlemagne received very little education, but did learn the art of reading from Bertrade.The one thing that kept Charlemagne motivated throughout his entire life was his deep faithfulness to the church. Charlemagne was a tall young man with light blond hair, and was described by his secretary as stately and dignified. Charlemagne had great wit, but was stern at times. He had simple and moderate tastes he enjoyed hunting, go and swimming. Charlemagne had a large wardrobe with some(prenominal) Frankish dresses, linen shirts and breeches, silk-fringed tunics, hoses wrapped with bands, and for the winter he had coats make of otter or marten skins. Charlemagne asked his people to improve their lifestyles, but he divorced two of his four fives without any given cause.In 768 A.D., Charlemagne at the age of 26, along with his brother Carloman inherited the nation of Franks. However, in 771 A.D. Carloman d ied, make Charlemagne the sole ruler of the kingdom. At this time the northern part of Europe was out of order and unruly. In the south, the Roman Catholic Church was asserting itself alongside the Lombard kingdom in Italy. While in Charlemagnes own kingdom, the people were becoming and acting as barbarians and neglecting education and faith.But Charlemagne was determined to make his kingdom as strong as possible. In 772 A.D., Charlemagne put forth a 30-year campaign to conquer and adapt the extremely mighty Saxons in the north. He charged over the Avars, a large tribe on the Danube. He forced the Bavarians to surrender to him. When possible Charlemagne attempted to settle his conflicts peacefully. However, he was forced to use living creature in some situations. For instance, Charlemagne offered to pay Desiderius for the return of lands to the pope, but after Desiderius refused, Charlemagne seized the kingdom of Desiderius and restored the Papal States.The most authoritative asp ect of Charlemagnes conquests was his uncanny ability to organize. Charlemagne sent out more than 50 military missions during his time in power and he led the missions as commander more than half of the time. He was able to lead his troops through vast lands in unprecedented times, but his every move was plan ahead of time. Before every crusade, he informed all those involved the number of men needed, the weapons required, and he even went as far as to tell what should be in the supply wagons. These tactics were after studied and used by another great man, Napoleon.One of the smallest campaigns undertaken by Charlemagne became on of the most well known. In 778 A.D., Charlemagne led his troops into Spain and laid an attack on Saragossa. The movement failed and upon their recoil they were attacked from the rear and amount Roland one of the leaders of the group was killed in that battle. Roland went on to become a hero in gothic songs. By 800 A.D. Charlemagne was the sole ruler of W estern Europe. His immense kingdom included what are now France, Switzerland, Belgium, and the Netherlands. It also covered half of present-day Italy and Germany, part of Austria, and the Spanish March. This Spanish March stretched to the Ebro River. Through his establishment of a single government over the entire Western Europe, Charlemagne re-established much of the old Roman Empire, which paved the focusing for the progress of present-day Europe.It was on Christmas Day in 800 A.D. that while praying in St. Peters in Rome, Pope Leo III approached Charlemagne with a golden crown and placed it on the head of the king. Charlemagne was a very noble man and he had great compassion for the peasant people and had a legal opinion that that government was in place to benefit those that it governed. When Charlemagne came into power many of the people working under him were very careless and sometimes unfair. To change the ways of these people Charlemagne expanded their work, wrote down ev erything they did and forced them to work in groups of people.This helped those lacking in their work effort to restore some law and order. Two times a year Charlemagne would summon the leading man in the kingdom to talk about the happenings going around. Charlemagne incessantly had the final word in everything including church matters. Charlemagne was determined in establishing improvement in lives of his people. By scene up money values he encouraged trade, he attempted to build a Rhine-Danube canal, and gave advice on different farming techniques. Charlemagne preached the most on education and Christianity to his people. He was responsible for the restoration of Palace schooldays at Aachen, his capital. He also set up other schools for noble boys as well as peasants.Charlemagne was very devoted to education and he never stopped studying himself. He brought in scholars of many languages to his courts. He learned to read in Latin, some Greek, however, he was not too keen of get the hang writing. During his dinners, he preferred to have men reading books to him rather than having jesters performing. For his churches, Charlemagne sent his monks to Rome to learn to sing. For his art collections, Charlemagne brought some valuable pieces from Italy. In the cathedral at Aachen there is a large monument, which stands in loyalty to Charlemagne for his religious devotion. Charlemagne built and was buried in the cathedral in Aachen.At the time of Charlemagnes remainder in 814 A.D. only one of his three sons, Louis, was alive. Louis had a weak ruling after his father, which brought on many civil wars and rebellions. Charlemagne brought back order to Western Europe he led his people to many victories and was responsible for the rise of Western Europe

On the Subway Essay

The metrical composition On the Subway by Sharon Olds is a free-verse numbers about a snow-clad woman and a young morose man who find themselves alone with each other on the subway, facing each other from the opposite sides of the car. As they hold back each other, the woman relates her thoughts about the situation, which forge the fear and tension of living an urban spiritedness. The fact that the young man before her is dimmed is of finical significance to her.She reflects on the general plight of blacks, and emphasizes the inequality between her and the young man. Most of the poems intended message, expressed from a socially-aware perspective, is explicitly stated although Olds uses symbolism and figurative language, even a typo take on the poem ordain deliver much of her intended meaning. Virtually everyone who reads the poem will be familiar with the issues it takes up, so the poem does not inform, scarce reminds the reader of the woeful imbalance of power and priv ilege in society.It is only through the poems title that the reader lasts the setting and contextualizes the poems body even before body of the poem is read, the title is able to set the liveliness to some degree the subway is a puritanic and lonely place, where people are squeezed together scarce remain cold and uninterested in each other. The woman finds herself alone on the car with a young black man with the casual cold look of a mugger, as she puts it.She excessively mentions that she wears dark fur, the / whole skin of an animal taken and / used (11-1), which prefigures her coming discussion of the propensity of her kind, which is the white-hot race, for victorious advantage and stealing the rights of others. This brings her to a consideration of the boys possible behavior towards her, making her think over the possibility that the boy would choose to take his vengeance on this member of his white oppressors.The speakers thoughts revolve around the imbalance of power i n the car, and she contrasts it with the imbalance of power in society in general. The narrative is communicated from a socially-aware perspective. She speaks of eating the steak / he does not eat (19-20) of how easy this / white skin makes my life (27-28), where without meaning or / trying to I must profit from his darkness (22-23). She is here speaking of the public racial inequality that is still very much a part of social reality.The narrator is the much privileged side of this temporary dichotomy, although the distribution of privilege blend ins obscure in the brief period of cadence that they share the small space on the car, isolated from the rest of civilization I didnt know / if I am in his power (14-15), or if he is in my power (18). The two observe each other quietly, without interacting. In this tense situation, she observes how weak she is, and how the young man is physically superior to her.She is article of clothing dark fur (11), and she points out that he coul d take my coat so easily, my / briefcase, my life (16-17). She observes how easy this / white skin makes my life, this / life he could take so easily (27-29). She is aware that, without the protection of society, she could easily become the oppressed, and he the oppressor. By juxtaposing her concrete physical powerlessness compared to the boy with what she believes is the general powerlessness of blacks and the weakness of the black identity in the white-dominated world, she creates a striking pseudo-paradox.The speaker contrasts her socially-constructed position of privilege with the boys obvious privilege of strength and almost absolute power over the speaker as long as they are in the car. Here the speaker highlights the irony found in the fact that, although she belongs to the more knock-down(a) race, she is temporarily powerless before this young member of the less powerful portion of society. There is peradventure something objectionable about the speakers attitude towards the young man.She speaks of his casual cold look of a mugger (8), and of his shirt, which is red, like the inside of the body / exposed (10-11), suggesting an association with violence. She immediately associates the young man with urban crime, and gives him excessively little credit for being a person in his own right, but sort of reduces him to a stereotype, to no more than a representative of the suffering and wickedness of his race. She does not blame him or his race, however, but instead blames the murderous beams of the / nations heart (24-25).Nevertheless, her condescending understanding of the boys predicament is probably as unwelcome as the oppression that she unintentionally inflicts upon him. Granted, the situation discourages any attempt of any passenger at getting insight into the others personality, so she cannot get any deeper appreciation of the young man. Olds uses a simple and familiar situation, which is riding on the subway, as a vehicle for her reflections on the perversities of society. It is an extremely familiar worldview that the poems narrator expresses, and thus there are no free radical ideas.The essence of this poem is nothing that has not been said before by countless others, but the poem stands out because of the juxtaposition of the two kinds of power that she reflects upon as they observe each other. However, to fully appreciate this poem, it must be realized that the speaker is not to be trusted entirely she does a disservice to the black race by the method of her approach to the matter. She ignores that fact that the young man is a person and instead renders him into an abstract entity.Thus, the poem provokes a two-fold criticism of the white race their oppressiveness, and their tendency to stereotype the oppressed. The heavy reality and simplicity of the poem effectively delivers its message of condemnation for the perceived oppression of whites by blacks. This message also benefits from the poems free-verse form. The re is also no explicit pattern and no pretensions in the tar of the speakers thoughts, suggesting the narratives unadulterated honesty. Through the poems simplicity and directness, what Olds ultimately communicates is an attitude of abstract concern for a concrete individual.

Border and Coastal Security

Intellectual keeping theft is a broad term, which encompasses umpteen actions directed towards intellectual property, including trademark counterfeiting, digital piracy, theft of trade secrets, copyright violation and any radiation pattern of intellectual property misdemeanor. Actual IP theft involves secure works, patented inventions, and many another(prenominal) other things. condescension their intangible nature, they can be stolen in their entirety. Simply throw when a pirate steals a blend recording, a computer program, or the chemical composition of a pharmaceutical he has stolen the product.The pirated product may or may not have the quality of the legitimate product, but the inventiveness, the creativity, and the research costs that key the product unique have been stolen. Technological advances have made actual theft the fastest-growing type of mercenary counterfeiting. With the advent of digital technology, pirates can make actual copies of computer software, r ecorded music, and motion pictures with no pass of quality in successive generations of copies.In contemporary context, copyrights are suffering the greatest losses, in part because of the many new products that have been invented, CDs, DVDs, flash discs and many other products, and because of advances in the means of distribution. Although IP theft, particularly, trademark counterfeiting, was widespread in China throughout the 1990s, the trade dispute that was investigated by the U. S. Trade Representative in 1994-1996 have-to doe with works defend by copyright sound recordings, computer software, and motion pictures.The distribution of works protected by copyright has been revolutionized by the invention of cable television, which involves satellite transmission, and by the Internet, which can involve the digital transmission of copyrighted works such as computer programs, video games, and sound recordings. Previously, the piracy of copyrighted works required the possession of a legitimate product in a fixed or tangible form (i. e. , a book or a music cassette), but these technological advances in the commercial distribution of copyrighted works have offered new avenues for product piracy in intangible form (i.e. , cable programming). Cable piracy, also called signal theft, involves the actual theft of copyrighted material. The cable pirate, who meat hooks up illegally, is stealing television programming, which is protected by copyright. In the United States, an estimated one in quad cable viewers does so illegally the problem is worse outside the United States, where entire countries direct in signal theft. The ultimate triumph of digital technology is the Internet, where everyone is connected to a cyber universe by computer, DSL modem or broadband.The Internet offers perhaps the ultimate avenue for a counterfeiter, who can e-mail a pirated computer program or music recording anywhere in the world, and keep his identity a secret. The adequate enforce ment of IP violations is probably the most effective way to prevent infringement of intellectual property rights. Since from commercial standpoint intellectual property usually represents the core of any business, the IP violations result in enormous financial losses for the companies and threaten the existence of businesses overall.For instance, according to figures presented by the U. S. Department of Justice, companies suffered $250 Billion in IP Theft in 2004 (CypherTrust, 2005), therefore, it is evident that the further enforcement directed towards IP theft should be continued. 2) richly discuss Executive found 13133. How can the use or misuse of the Internet affect the scrimping? Executive Order 13133 attempts to create new ways to censor Internet content, establish control over Internet transactions and prevent Internet fraud.The core of the Order is embedded in three tasks put before the Working group, namely define how effective Federal regulation is in investigating and criminal prosecution of unlawful conduct that involves the use of the Internet, what technology tools, capabilities, or legal authorities needed for effective investigation and prosecution of unlawful conduct that involves the use of the Internet, and finally and what tools and capabilities exist to educate and empower parents, teachers, and others to prevent or to minimize the risks from unlawful conduct that involves the use of the Internet.In other words, Executive Order 13133 aims to accomplish an extremely challenging task of Internet regulation. From the critical standpoint, Internet regulation is a hardly achievable mission, because unlike many other phenomena, Internet has no geographic boundaries, and thus it does not have formal geographical legal power upon it. On the other hand, Internet exhibits the line of unlawful, unethical and fraudulent practices, which should be either heavily modulate or banned.It includes child pornography, illegal distribution of copyright ed materials, such as books, CDs, DVDs, Mp3s, computer software, etc and illegal mention card transactions cased by identity theft. Practically, the misuse of Internet results in significant financial losses for the national economy in several ways, namely due to numerous copyright infringement instances, fraudulent credit card transactions and losses coming from unrealized revenues.According to Forrester Research, an estimated $15 billion in E-commerce revenues for 2001 were unrealized because of consumers concerns about their privacy, while 61 percent of Internet users in the United States reported that they do not purchase online because of privacy concerns (Hemphill, 200151). Therefore, the task put for the working group in Executive Order 13133 is practically challenging, but still necessary from security, financial and ethical viewpoints.References Intellectual Property Theft Has neer Been Easier (2005). CypherTrust, Inc. Available at http//www. ciphertrust. com/resources/a rticles/articles/intellectual. php Retrieved on June 7, 2006 Hemphill, T. A. (2001). Identity Theft A Cost of Business? Business and golf club Review, 106 (1) 51-63

Fountain of the Four Rivers

beginning of the intravenous feeding Rivers The Fountain of the Four Rivers is a monumental example of Italian Baroque bolt and eloquence. This sculpture is hotshot of many a(prenominal) that transformed capital of Italy into the city we know today. There argon many fountains that can be found throughout Italy. The Fountain of the Four Rivers is a breathtaking sculptural fountain in Piazza Navona, Italy. It is made of travertine and marble. This sculpture was designed and constructed from 1648-1651. On June 12, 1651 this majestic masterpiece was unveiled to the world.The famous Italian sculpture and architect, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, is the brilliant blindist answerable for this masterpiece. He won the honor of designing this fountain by subterfuge an advocate of Bernini had placed a model of the fountain in an area where the pope would hopefully jut it and choose him to design the structure. This impressive piece was built for the Pope Innocent X Pamphili. Its peeing sour ce comes from the Acqua Vergine this is one of the main wet supplies in capital of Italy. The pope ordered this water supply to be redirected to the front of his palace in the Palazzo Pamphili where the fountain stands.The town square that houses the Fountain of the Four Rivers not only is the placement for Pamphilis family palace, it is also the location of the ancient stadium of the Emperor Domitain. This was one of the first fountains constructed in Rome that was designed by Bernini, which would be followed by many more. The Fountain of the Four Rivers is a complex design. This sculpture depicts Gods of the 4 great rivers that are found in the four continents that were recognized by renaissance geographers during that time period.These rivers include the Nile, in Africa, the group in Asia, the Rio de la Plata in the Americas and the Danube in Europe. Also, each countries area on the fountain is enhanced with expatiate of its native animals and plants. Berninis magnificent fo untain efficiently integrates an Egyptian obelisk that stands in the center of this piazza. This is one of Berninis almost well-known and breathtaking works of art. Pamphili is quoted stating, The only way to avoid employing Bernini was not to see his designs. Berninis art to this day remains admired works of beauty and creativity weaved throughout Romes ancient streets.Bernini and his brilliant creations brought Rome to be known as the city of fountains. Bernini was a magnificent architect and sculptor of Baroque style. He was born in Naples in 1598 He had a genuinely long and successful career until his death in 1680. In Rome, he worked for the citys most authoritative families and the popes. Some of his Royal patrons included the Pope Innocent X Pamphili, King Charles I and Louis XIV. Bernini was Caravaggios (Michelangelo Merisi) contemporary. Bernini brought Caravaggios style of painting to his sculptures. He created many exceptional baroque styled sculptures, fountains, and dynamic monuments.All of which are prized by patrons centuries after their creations. People travel across the world just to admire his historical masterworks. Berninis style truly depicts the eloquence of creativity and ingeniousness of the Italian Baroque styled sculptures in seventeenth-century Rome. Different types of Baroque styles are found throughout Europe, they all began from ideas from the Italians version of this style. The Fountain of the Four Rivers portrays the main four rivers of the world known at that time. This structure integrates the artistic styles of the era, the religious aspects and the geological significance of its time.This particular water feature is one of many fountains that transformed Rome to being known as the city of fountains. i of the main water sources of Rome was redirected to give the sculpture life. This fountain is one of many works of art that demonstrates the imaginary art and thinking of peoples around the seventieth century. This ancient sculpture is also one of many that transformed Rome into the city we know today. Berninis designs are integrated though out touch areas and had influence on other artists through history. Works CitedNational Gallery of Art, Washington,DC http//www. nga. gov/exhibitions/2000/baroque/2013 February 2, 2013 Alexandra Korey, Berninis Fountain of the Four Rivers restored (Quattro Fiumi), March 2009 February 5, 2013 Zuzana Pastirikova. Heidi Schwartz http//www. rome. info/bernini/fountain-four-rivers/ 2003-2009 Rome info February 6, 2013 Hugh Honour, John Fleming A World History of Art, Laurence King Publishing, 2005 February 7, 2013 Ann Sutherland Harris seventeenth century art and architecture, Laurence King Publishing, 2005 February 9, 2013

Views of Marx and J.S.Mills on Accumulation and Crises Essay

Views of Marx and J.S.Mills on accruement and Crises - Essay ExampleKarl Marx In his theory of waste value, Marx asserts that the working class or the proletariat central their force for wages with the capitalist class or the bourgeoisie. Unlike in slave and feudalistic societies where goods were produced for consumption, in capitalist economy, commodities are produced for exchange in the market with the value of exchange being currency. Since ride is withal exchanged for wages, it is also regarded as a commodity and sociable relations assume mysterious sorting of relationship between things concealed by a veil of money. The labourers are alienated from the means of production and produce goods for the capitalists which they in turn exchange to get a profit. However, if workers are productive, they produce more than than they would demand produced in a normal working day but all the profit realised goes to the capitalist as labourers receive only the normal wages. This is what Marx referred as surplus value of labour (Eatwell and Milgate 2011, p. 192). According to Marx, the surplus value in feudal societies is consumed while in capitalist societies, surplus value is reinvested to produce more surplus value. He referred to reinvestment of surplus value as accumulation of capital (Callinicos 2011). However, the motive for accumulation is not greed but a result of social mechanisms which result in competition between umteen capitals and a capital that does not reinvest itself is pushed out of the market. As observed by Eatwell and Milgate (2011, p. 195) capitalist production involves move of capital from money and commodity. The money is apply to produce commodity which is then sold for money used to produce more items. However, difficulties may arise when converting commodity to money because money need not be turned immediately to commodity hence sale and purchases are sepa scored. The seller can hoard money if the investment is not yielding enou gh profits hence breaking the cycle and therefore, the possibility of crisis is inevitable. In the crisis theory, Marx asserted that the origin of crisis is the systemic elements of capitalism as a mode of production and basic social order (Callinicos, 2011). These factors include full employment profit squeeze, underconsumption, and tendency of the rate of profit to fall. In feudal societies, a crisis occurs due to underconsumption but in capitalist societies, it is based on the law of tendency of the rate of profit to fall. As xxx observes the tendency of the rate of profit to fall is due to increased labour productivity which makes demands on the constant capital such as machinery or raw materials. As a result, amount of constant capital grows relative to variable capital leading to higher composition of thorough capital and consequently low profit. The value of constant capital according to Marx does not depend on original cost of labour time but labour time for reproducing it hence it diminishes as labour productivity grows leading to low profit. In his study, Marx asserts that permanent crises does not exist as indicated by smith and Malthus in their analysis that overproduction leads to permanent reduction in rate of profit. He believes that a crisis is a transitory stage of capital accumulation and therefore short-run effect. In the process of capital accumu

Centralisation and Decentralisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Centralisation and Decentralisation - Essay ExampleWe dissect a case in which the center is not a solitary individual yet a gathering, a populace. There are, on a fundamental level, a few phases of an org issue where one bottom of the inning present an aggregate mince issue the agreement arranges, the checking stage, the requirement stage. As the first venture in this plan, for the purpose of simplification and proportion with different regions of provision, we cast our examination in a class of models that has turned into the workhorse multi foremost executor structure the popular org model, which concentrates on the contracting stage. One variant of the normal office model, known as inherent unremitting org, is a great first estimate to the issue of control of policymakers by residents. Aghion and Tiroles (1997) worry is a real one while org-graphs, titles, and formal occupation obligations are effortlessly measured, it is troublesome to concentrate by direction of reviews or different means the personalities of the individuals who have subjective information. The vague, indescribable, delicate nature of subjective information can result in overview reactions to be problematic and unverifiable, but then this learning is key to firm esteem. dictatorial scholars contend that human co-operation and correspondence channels, for example, gatherings are the essential hierarchical instrument by which the administration cooking stove perceives the vicinity of subjective information and lets the holder of this learning substantively impact the choice.

St.Paul's and St.Peter's Baroque Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

St.Pauls and St.Peters Baroque Styles - Essay ExampleIt is worth noting the entailment of the two church buildings St.Peters Basilica is the seat of the papacy, while St. Pauls Cathedral is the Anglicans biggest cathedral and one of the most recognizable sights in the City of London (Murray, 1970). As such, St.Peters Basilica reflects the Roman Catholic aspirations while St. Pauls Cathedral is a manifestation of the Protestants authority. Brigg and Martin (1967) justify that in the 17th Century the Roman Catholic church fought off the encroachment by Protestant reformation The society of Jesus(Jesuits), making it their duty to defend the ways of the church against what they considered to be protestant attacks. In order to fully high stir up the variations in Baroque style across Europe and with St. Pauls and St.Peters as the case-studies, it is imperative to identify the design constants and unique features that identified Baroque Art and Architecture. twain Zirpolo (2008) and Sum merson (1964) found that Baroque Architecture manifested the following salient features (1) Use of undulating motifs in interior and exterior spaces - unconstipated columns was designed to undulate. (2) Distinctive use of vaults arches and buttresses - Churches were characterized with vaulted ceilings. (3) Flamboyant use of sculptures, statues and paintings in spaces. (4) A faade characterized by a prominent dome, and an interior marked with a grand nave, and (5) Stylish exploitation of the play of light in interior spaces. It is these distinctive features. that the author will use as parameters to gauge the regional variations in the architecture of both St. Peters Basilica and St. Pauls Cathedral. However, both churches have their birth unique elements that might not be present in the other. For instance, St.Peter has a unique Baldachin below the dome. A major cause